Walls have a long history in Britain. From neolithic times, pastoralists constructed boundaries to control and protect livestock. Later, dry-stone structures were used for dwellings, forts, castles and towns in order to provide safety and repel invaders.
Walls provide an important habitat for many species but are too often ignored by local authorities and homeowners Brian Ballinger and John Grace cover the history of wall plants, factors influencing their growth on walls, and surveying technique and records in Scotland.